Abjective Clause

An Article of Adjective Clause

Introduction

Terms:

1. Clause: A clause is a group of words containing a subject anf a verb.

2. Independent Clause: An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of sentence. It also called Main Clause.

3. Dependent Clause: A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must connected or stand to independent clause.

4. Adjective Clause: An adjective clause is dependent clausd that modifies a noun. It describe or gives further information about a noun. It also called Relative Clause.

- The adjective clause using Subject Pronouns

(who, which, that)

For examples:

1. WHO

Main clause: The students are from China.

Sub-clause: They sit in the front row.

*Adjective Clause => The student who sit in the front row are from China.

(The adjective clause modifies the noun "the student")

2. WHICH

Main clause: I am using a sentence.

Sub-clause: It contains an adjective clause.

*Adjective Clause => I am using a sentence which contains an adjective clause.

(The adjective clause modifies the noun "a sentence")

3. THAT

Main clause: The movie was not very good.

Sub-clause: We saw it last night.

*Adjective clause => The movie that we saw last night was not very good.

(Thr adjective clause modifies the noun "the movie")

- The adjective clause using Object Pronouns

(who/whom, which, that)

Notice: You can omitted the pronoun if the noun as an object pronoun.

For examples:

4. WHO/WHOM

Main clause: The man was very kind.

Sub-clause: I talked to him yesterday.

* Adjective clause =>

The man to whom I talked yesterday was very kind.

The man that I talked to yesterday was very kind.

The man I talked to yesterday was very kind. (omitted the pronoun)

5. WHICH

Main clause: I liked thr composition.

Sub-clause: You wrote it.

* Adjective clause =>

I liked the composition which you wrote.

I liked the composition that you wrote.

I liked the composition you wrote. (omitted the pronoun)

- The adjective clause using Whose

Whose is used to show possession. It has same meaning as other possessive pronoun used as adjective; his, her, its and their. All of them are connected to a noun.

* his bicycle = whose bicycle

* hef composition = whose composition

For example:

6. WHOSE

Main clause: I have to call the man.

Sub-clause: I accidentally picked up his umbrella after the meeting.

* Adj. clause => I have to call the man whose umbrella i accidentally picked up after the meeting.

- The adjective clause using When

When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time.

For example:

7. WHEN

Main clause: I'll never forget the day.

Sub-clause: I met you then (on that day)

* Adj. clause =>

I'll never forget the day when I met you.

I'll never forget the day on which I met you.

I'll never forget the day that I met you.

I'll never forget the day I met you.

- The adjective using Where

Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place.

For example:

8. WHERE

Main clause: That is the restaurant.

Sub-clause: I will meet you there ( at the restaurant)

* Adj. clause =>

That is the restaurant where I will meet you

That is the restaurant at which I will meet you

That is the restaurant which I will meet you at

That is the restaurant that I will meet you at

That is the restaurant I will meet you at.

PUNCTUATION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Adjective clause that do not require commas are called "DEFINING."

Adjective clause that require commas are called "NON-DEFINING."

For example:

The professor who teaches Chemistry 101 is an excellent lecturer.

* No commas are used. The adjective clause is necessary to identify which professor is meant.

Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is an excellent lecturer.

* Commas are used. The adjective clause is not necessary to identify who professor Wilson is. Already know who he is. He has a name.

    NOUN CLOUSE

Noun clause

Noun clause is a clause (ie subject and verb) is used as a noun.Noun clause in the sentence is generally used as subject and object of the sentence.

Noun clauses are subordinate or dependent clauses that perform eight main functions in English grammar. Noun clauses may be finite or nonfinite depending on the form of the verb in the clause. The following article defines the two forms and eight functions of noun clauses in the English language.

    English Noun Clauses

Noun clauses are subordinate or dependent clauses that are formed by a subordinating conjunction followed by a clause. The subordinating conjunctions that introduce noun clauses are that (which can be omitted in certain cases), if,whether, wh- words, wh-ever words, and sometimes for. Noun clauses may be either finite or nonfinite in form.

Noun clauses perform many of the same functions as nouns and noun phrases. Functions prototypically performed by nouns and noun phrases are called nominal functions. The eight functions of nouns clauses are:

1.  Subject

2.  Subject complement

3.  Direct object

4.  Object complement

5.  Indirect object

6.  Prepositional complement

7.  Adjective phrase complement

8.  Noun phrase complement

Noun clauses can be initiated by:

• Question word or relative pronoun question whether a single word or    phrase:

o Single question word (ie when, how, what, ect.).
o Question word + determiner / noun / adjective / adverb.
o Question word + infinitive.

• conjunction (i.e. whether and if).
• That or the fact that.

So that the pattern of the noun clause is:

Question word / conjunction / that + subject + verb + ...

A. Noun Clauses beginning with the words Question

In How to Address Questions were discussed about the use of the word good in making the information asked questions as well as in making the embedded questions. Embedded questions are noun clause. In this section provided additional examples to refresh your memory.

1. Single question words.

Example:

1. Where she is now is still unknown.

2. They arrive when is still uncertain.
3. I know what you did last summer and know what you I still did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt.Note: in this sentence, noun clause what you did last summer became the object of I know and I still know, and when combined with: two Hollywood movies are starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, a compound subject of the sentence.

Noun clauses can be placed at the beginning of a sentence (as subject) or as an object. If you want to change the position of the subject noun clause object sentences into sentences, it is usually necessary pronoun or a slightly modified words. The above example becomes:

1. It is still unknown where she is now.
2. Do you know when They arrive?
3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are :

I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer.Because the title of movies, noun clause what you did last summer did not need to be rotated position.

2. Question words ever + / soever

Except how, at the end of question words can ever or soever be added Whenever = whensoever, whatever = whatsoever, and so on.Meaning here ever or soever the same, that it / was, living combined with a question word in front of him. Meanwhile, how + ever be however (ie adverb or also called transition words that mean yet / even if the case) are not included in this category.

Example:

1. We will accept whatever you want us to do. (We will accept / do whatever you want us to do).
2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (Melt = melt). Be careful: guy (pronounced gae) = men, while gay (read gei) = fag = homosexual.
3. She has Agreed to Wherever the man would bring her. (He has agreed to take him wherever he goes). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (in this case to, etc.) Is usually placed at the end of the sentence. She has Agreed Wherever the man would bring her to.

3. Question words + nouns

Question words + nouns that are used among other things: what time (time), what day (any day), what time (time), what kind (kind), what type (what type), Whose + nouns (ie Whose car, Whose book, ect.), and so on.

Example:

1. I can not remember what day we will take the exam.
2. As long as I am faithful, she does not care what type of family                                  .   I come from. (= Loyal faithful).
3. Do you know what time it is?
4. I do not know Whose car is parked in front of my house.

4. Question words + adjectives

Question + words frequently used adjectives such as: how long (how long / long), how far (how far), how old (how old / aged), ect.

Example:

1. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He did not even ask how long I had been waiting for him.

5.Question words + determiners.

Question determiners + words frequently used are: how many (how many) and how much (how much). Remember: how many plural nouns followed by, while how much was followed by uncountable nouns.

Example:

1.Is there any Correlation Between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
2. How much will your English skills improv is determined by how hard you practice.

6.Question words + adverbs.

Question words + adverbs are often used is: how Often (how often), how many times (how many times) ect.

Example:

1. No matter how Often I practice, my English still sucks. (No matter how many times I practice, my English is bad). Suck (informal verb) = bad / not good; meaning another suck: sucking.
2. I do not want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (Leave school early = absent).

7. Question words + infinitives.

If the question was immediately followed by infinitives words, it implies invinitives should or can / could. Note that the subject after the question words omitted.

Example:

1.She did not know what to do = She did not know what she should do. (He did not know what he should do).

2. Please tell me how to get the train station from here =  Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.
3. We have not Decided when to go to the beach = We have not Decided when we should go to the beach.
4. Marry of toll us where to find her = Mary of toll us where we Could find her.

B. Noun clauses beginning with whether / if

Whether could be followed by the OR / NOT can not; meaning of the sentence is usually the same, although OR / NOT is not mentioned (this depends on the context of the sentence). For use if, in addition to conjunctions discussed topic, the topic was also dealt with conditionals. Note: whether the same pronunciation with the weather (weather), his writing is also similar. Be careful, do not be confused.

Example:

I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure     whether or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming.(I'm not sure if he will come or not).

 We can not Decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We can not Decide whether to go or (to) stay home. Note, infinitives can also be used after the whether.

 I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (I'm not sure if I should ngambil Economic Law after graduating from high school or later).

 If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.

C. Noun clauses beginning with that / the fact That

That means that here, while the fact That means the fact that.Meanwhile, that means that the adjective clauses.

Example:

1.That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of People that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.

2. It is the fact That the world is round = the fact That the world is round is well known.
3. It was obvious she was very sick That = The fact she was very sick That was obvious.
4. It seems a That it is going to rain soon.

                                                          Exercise

Question

1    what  can initiate of noun clause

 2    write the formula of noun claus

3     what is noun clause.

Find out the noun clauses in the following sentences and state what purpose they serve.

4.    The king ordered that the traitor should be put to death.
5.    He said that he would not go.
6.    That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.
7.    He said that he was not feeling well.
8.  I cannot rely on what he says.

Answers

1.     • Question word or relative pronoun question whether a single   ,            ,         word or    phrase

       • conjunction (i.e. whether and if).
       • That or the fact that.

2.    Question word / conjunction / that + subject + verb + ...

3.    Noun clause is a clause (ie subject and verb) is used as a  , ,  , ,   ,      noun.Noun clause in the sentence is generally used as subject   , ,      and object of the sentence.

4.    Here the noun clause ‘that the traitor should be put to death’ is that ,  , , ,      object of the verb ordered.
5.    Here the noun clause ‘that he would not go’ is the object of the verb , , ,      said.
6.    Here the noun clause ‘that he is not interested in the offer’ is the , , , , , ,      subject of the verb is.
7.    Here the noun clause ‘that he was not feeling well’ is the object of the , ,      verb said.
8.    Here the noun clause ‘what he says’ is the object of the preposition on.

TENSES

Muhammad Yusrizal.
TENSES

Present Simple Tense
S + V1 + (s/es)
e.g.    : I am a student of Gunadarma University.
Present Continuous Tense
S + to be (is, am, are) + V-ing
e.g.    : He is waiting for his girlfriend.
Present Perfect Tense
S + have, has + V3
e.g.    : I have seen the show.
      They have moved into their new house.
Present Perfect Continuous tense
S + have/has + been + V-ing
e.g.    : Josh has been ill since two weeks ago.
      We have been studying in this university for three years.
Past Simple Tense
S + V2
e.g.    : Ossela swam at DSC every Sunday.
Past Continuous Tense
S + were/was + V-ing
e.g.    : I was cooking in the kitchen while I heard the phone ring.
      They were sitting in the backyard.



Past Perfect Tense
S + had + V3
e.g.    : Milo had eaten before Mila came.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
S + had been + V-ing
e.g.    : She had been searching for his lost wife before he finally found her.
Future Simple Tense
S + shall/will + v1 (with be)
S + to be (is, am, are) + going to + V1
e.g.    : She will be a doctor.
      I am going to go to Bali next month.
Future Continuous Tense
S + shall/will + be + V-ing
e.g.    : Hendry will be travelling in Turkey
Future Perfect Tense
S + shall/will + have + V3
e.g.    : They will have left the school by one o’clock this afternoon.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
S + shall/will + have been + V-ing
e.g.    : By next holiday, we will have been travelling to Australia for three months.
Past Future Simple Tense
S + should/would + V1
e.g.    : I should go to Balikpapan the next day.
Past Future Continuous Tense
S + should/would + be + V-ing
e.g.    : Rini said that she would be coming soon.

Past Future Perfect Tense
S + should/would + have + V3
e.g.    : He would have given the money yesterday.
Past Future Continuous Tense
S + should/would + have been + V-ing
e.g.    : By the end of the month, I would have been going to aboard for one years.

Sample Memo

Sample Memo

To                :  Agnes Anggiani
From            :  Alberto Signori
                       public relation Manager
Subject        :  Press Conference of the Concert
Date             :  Jan 11st, 2014

                     Please attend the preps conference at plaza Indonesia on Thursday, mey 11st. 2014 at 11 a.m. On behalf of the choreographer team. Cover everything you need for the conference by yourself.

istri nya ketinggalan di warung

Istri Ketinggalan di Warung

Pada siang hari setelah saya pulang dari kampus, saya bermain dengan teman-teman dan menghampiri sebuah warung, sekedar makan-makan dan minum-minum, setelah berbincang-bincang, saya melihat sebuah korang, lalu saya baca, membalik-balik Koran ternyata saya kaget sekali melihat tulisan  “Istri Ketinggalan di Warung”.

Kisah kejadian ini ketika sedang musimnya mudik lebaran, ketika sangkeluarga sedang beristirahat disebuat peristirahatan, sangat lucu sekali bukan, bisa-bisa saja seorang istri di tinggalkan di suaminya di warung, saya dan teman lalu tertawa melihat berita ini.

                                                                                                            Jakarta, April 5, 2012

HRD MANAGER

DAL Company

Jl. Hayam Wuruk 3

Jakarta-Barat

Dear Sir/Madam,

I would like to apply for the purchasing manager position in DAL Company based on the qualification.

I finish my bachelor Accounting of the Gunadarma University. As requested, I am enclosing a completed job application,my curriculum vitae and two references.

The opportunity presented in this listing is very interesting,and I have over 2 years experience in the field of purchasing .

I have a good motivation to progress and develop , and can work with a team ( team work ) or an individual

I am very much willing to come over for a personal interview with you anytime during office hours. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Sincerely,

Muhammad Yusrizal, S.E

CURRICULUM VITAE

I.          Biography

Name                           : Muhammad Yusrizal

Gender                                    : Male

Age                             : 21 years old

Height                         : 170 cm

Religion                       : Islam

Status                          : Single

Place, Birthday           : Jakarta, 5 April 1992

E-mail                          : m.yusrizal05@yahoo.com

Telephone                    : 081212348787

Background    Education

-           1999 – 2004                SD

-           2004 – 2007                SMP

-           2007 – 2010                SMA Pelita 3 Rawamangun

-           2010 –2014                 S1 Accounting of Gunadarma University

II.        Ability

-           Able to speak in English and communicative

-           Able to lead a team

-           Worked in the same position for many years

III.       Additional

1.      Id card photocopy

2.      Last pas photo

Jakarta. November 18, 2013

Muhammad Yusrizal, S.E

October 31, 2012

Tokyo. Inc. co

CipinangPermasyarakatan No. 15

Jatinegara,

Jakarta-Timur

Dear Mr. Agus,

I would like to order 30 unit computers made from China that specification good for play the games. The specification in the following list:

Operation System       : Windows 7 or windows 8

CPU                            : Dual core or more

RAM                           :  ±1GB or more

VGA                           : ±256MB or more

HD                              : More than 4GB

Direct                          : ±9.0c

The payment would be completed within 60% of the total price after the ordered arrived and 40% will complete in two weeks later.

Please send me the goods in one month. If you can’t ship the order just notify immediately. I’m happy to still do business with your company. Thanks.

                                                                                                            Sincerely,

                                                                                                            Muhammad Yusrizal,

                                                                                                            Marketing Executive